Identifying an item based on data associated with the item

ABSTRACT

There are provided methods and systems to identify an item based on data associated with the item. Information is received that is descriptive of an item to be listed on an information storage and retrieval platform. The information is associated with an aspect-value pair, which is an aspect of the item and a value of the aspect. An expression of an interest of a user in the item is received. The expression is associated with the aspect-value pair. In response to the associating of the expression with the aspect-value pair, the item is identified.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/563,099, filed Dec. 8, 2014, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/584,131, filed Aug. 13, 2012, entitled “IDENTIFYING AN ITEM BASED ON DATA ASSOCIATED WITH THE ITEM,” which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/815,371, filed Jun. 14, 2010, entitled “IDENTIFYING AN ITEM BASED ON DATA INFERRED FROM INFORMATION ABOUT THE ITEM,” which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/703,511, filed Feb. 7, 2007, entitled “METHOD AND SYSTEM TO ANALYZE RULES BASED ON ASPECT-VALUE COVERAGE,” which claims the benefits of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/743,256, filed Feb. 9, 2006, entitled “METHODS AND SYSTEMS TO GENERATE A USER INTERFACE,” and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/781,521, filed Mar. 10, 2006, entitled “METHODS AND SYSTEMS TO GENERATE, ANALYZE AND PUBLISH RULES,” and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/745,347, filed Apr. 21, 2006, entitled “METHODS AND SYSTEMS TO COMMUNICATE INFORMATION,” all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

An embodiment relates generally to the technical field of data communications and, in one example embodiment, to methods and systems to analyze rules based on aspect-value coverage.

BACKGROUND

A user searching an information resource (e.g., database) may encounter challenges. One such challenge may be that a search mechanism (e.g., a search engine) that is utilized to search the information resource may return search results that are of little interest to the user. For example, the search mechanism may respond to a query from the user with search results that contains data items that cover a spectrum wider than the interests of the user. The user may experiment by adding additional constraints (e.g., keywords, categories, etc.) to the query to narrow the number of data items in the search results; however, such experimentation may be time consuming and frustrate the user. To this end, the information contained in the data items and the queries entered by a user to search for the data items may be processed with rules that enable the search mechanism to return search results that are more relevant to the user. For example, the rules may be authored to ensure that a data item entered by a seller and including a text description “BRN shoes” is identified responsive to a query that is entered by a buyer and that includes the keywords “brown shoes.” Typically such rules may be authored by a category manager who is aware of the language used in a particular subject area. Nevertheless, in some instances, the category manager may find the authoring of such rules to be difficult and time consuming.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

An embodiment is illustrated by way of example and not limitation in the figures of the accompanying drawings, in which like references indicate similar elements and in which:

FIG. 1 is a network diagram depicting a system, according to one example embodiment, having a client-server architecture;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating modules and engines, according to an embodiment;

FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating authoring modules, according to an embodiment;

FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating an information storage and retrieval platform, according to an embodiment;

FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating an example domain structure, according to one embodiment;

FIG. 6 is a table illustrating sell-side data and buy-side data, according to one embodiment;

FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating a canonical matching concept, according to an embodiment;

FIG. 8A is a block diagram illustrating databases, according to an embodiment;

FIG. 8B is a block diagram illustrating additional databases, according to an embodiment;

FIG. 9A is a block diagram illustrating classification information, according to an embodiment;

FIG. 9B is a block diagram illustrating production classification information, according to an embodiment;

FIG. 9C is a block diagram illustrating preview classification information, according to an embodiment;

FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating rules, according to an embodiment;

FIG. 11 is a block diagram illustrating data item information, according to an embodiment;

FIG. 12 is a block diagram illustrating a search index engine, according to an embodiment;

FIG. 13A is a block diagram illustrating a data item search information, according to an embodiment;

FIG. 13B is a block diagram illustrating a sample data item search information, according to an embodiment;

FIG. 14 is a block diagram illustrating query information, according to an embodiment;

FIG. 15 is a block diagram illustrating data item criteria, according to an embodiment;

FIG. 16 is a block diagram illustrating preview publish information, according to an embodiment;

FIG. 17 is a block diagram illustrating most popular query information, according to an embodiment;

FIG. 18 is a block diagram illustrating histogram information, according to an embodiment;

FIG. 19 is a flow chart illustrating a method to generate rules to identify data items, according to an embodiment;

FIG. 20 is a flowchart illustrating a method, according to an embodiment, to represent percentage of coverage for a subset of most popular queries;

FIG. 21 is a flowchart illustrating a method, according to an embodiment, to apply aspect rules to most popular queries;

FIG. 22 is a flowchart illustrating a method, according to an embodiment, to determine percentage coverage for most popular queries;

FIG. 23 is a flowchart illustrating a method, according to an embodiment, to represent percentage coverage associated with a domain;

FIG. 24 is a flowchart illustrating a method, according to an embodiment, to apply domain rules to data items;

FIG. 25 is a flowchart illustrating a method, according to an embodiment, to determine domains;

FIG. 26 is a flowchart illustrating a method, according to an embodiment, to represent percentage coverage for aspects;

FIG. 27 is a flowchart illustrating a method, according to an embodiment, to apply aspect rules to data items;

FIG. 28 is a flowchart illustrating a method, according to an embodiment, to determine percentage coverage for aspects;

FIG. 29 is a flowchart illustrating a method, according to an embodiment, to represent percentage coverage for aspect-value pairs;

FIG. 30 is a flowchart illustrating a method, according to an embodiment to determine percentage coverage for aspect-value pairs;

FIGS. 31-38 are diagrams illustrating user interfaces, according to an embodiment;

FIG. 39 is a block diagram illustrating marketplace applications, according to an embodiment;

FIG. 40 is a block diagram illustrating marketplace information, according to an embodiment; and

FIG. 41 is a block diagram of a machine, according to an example embodiment, including instructions to perform any one or more of the methodologies described herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Methods and systems to analyze rules based on aspect-value coverage are described. In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present disclosure. It will be evident, however, to one skilled in the art that the subject matter of the present disclosure may be practiced without these specific details.

Definitions

Data item: data describing an item or service that may be stored in a database and searched with a query.

Domain: an organization of like data items. A domain may include like data items or other like domain(s).

Product domain: a type of domain to organize data items of a particular product type (e.g., Women's Shoes)

Aisle domain: a type of domain to organize one or more product domains (e.g., Women's Clothing)

Department domain: a domain to organize one or more aisle or product domains (e.g., Apparel & Accessories)

Aspect: an aspect is derived from specific instances of a type of data item (e.g., shoes is a type of data item) and may be used to characterize the type of data item (e.g., COLOR, BRAND, STYLE, etc. are derived from a data item such as shoes and may be used to characterize shoes).

Value: a value is a specific instance of an aspect (e.g., red, green, blue, are specific instances of the aspect COLOR) that may be used to characterize a data item (e.g., shoes).

Aspect-value: a specific aspect and value (e.g., COLOR=red)

According to a first feature of the present disclosure, a system may be used to generate suggestions for values (e.g., aspect values) that may be included in rules that may be generated to classify data items and process queries to identify data items. A rule may be authored with one or more authoring modules and may be an “if-then” statement that may include a condition clause and a predicate clause. The condition clause may include a statement to evaluate the contents of a data item resulting in a TRUE or FALSE result. The predicate clause may include an aspect-value pair that may be associated with or concatenated to the unstructured information (e.g., data item). For example, a rule may be applied to a data item previously identified as describing shoes that includes the word “brown” in a description field. The rule may include a condition clause (e.g., trigger) that may be used to evaluate the description field for a color (e.g., if description contains “brn”) and a predicate clause which specifies an aspect-value pair (e.g., COLOR=brown) that may be associated with or concatenated to the data item if the condition clause evaluates TRUE. The first feature of the present disclosure anticipates that an administrator or category manager that is authoring such rules may benefit from a system that may be used to automatically generate candidate values (e.g., aspect values). Such a system may receive a request to suggest one or more candidate aspect-values based on aspect-values that may have already been defined by the category manager. For example, consider a “Rocks and Minerals” domain that includes an aspect “Metals.” The system may receive the aspect metal and the values gold, silver, platinum and a request to generate candidate values. Responsive to receiving the request, the system may search one or more databases based on the received aspect to generate candidate values (e.g., bronze, tin, etc.). In one embodiment, the category manager may accept or reject each of the candidate values, the accepted candidate values utilized as an aspect-value pair. For example, acceptance of a candidate value may result in generating an aspect-value pair that may be included as a predicate clause (e.g., COLOR=bronze) in a rule that is generated. Finally, the rules may be published to an information storage and retrieval system that may apply the rules to data items to structure the data items (e.g., concatenate aspect-value pairs). For example, the rule may include the condition clause “if title=brown” to evaluate the keywords in the title (e.g., Nike Brown Shoes for Sale) of a data item. Responsive to a TRUE evaluation (e.g., finding the word “brown” in the title), the predicate clause may include an aspect-value pair (COLOR=brown) that is concatenated to the data item. Further, the information storage and retrieval system may apply the same rules to queries that are received by the information storage and retrieval system. For example, the rule “if brown” may be utilized to evaluate the keywords in the query “brown shoes.” Responsive to a TRUE evaluation (e.g., finding the word “brown” in the query), the rule may include a predicate clause includes an aspect-value pair (COLOR=brown) that may be utilized to identify data items that contain the same aspect-value pair.

According to a second feature of the present disclosure, a category manager may analyze rules by utilizing a system to determine a percentage of coverage for each query in a set of most popular queries. The system may determine a percentage coverage by receiving sample queries that have been entered by users to search a database on an information storage and retrieval platform. Each query may include a string of text that includes a keyword that may be compared with the keywords in other queries to determine the subset of most popular queries. For example, queries that include the keyword “iPod” may be determined the most popular query because no other keyword may be found in as many queries. Next, the system may apply the rules to each of the most popular queries. If the condition clause of the rule includes a keyword that matches a keyword in the query then a match is registered by incrementing a counter that corresponds to the query. Next, the system may determine a percentage of coverage for each of the most popular queries by dividing the quantity of rules registered in the respective counter by a total number of rules that are applied to the respective queries. Each percentage coverage corresponding to the respective most popular queries may be represented as an interface element within an interface. Category managers may utilize a system to determine percentage of coverage of most popular queries to analyze whether the newly authored set of rules perform as anticipated.

According to a third feature of the present disclosure, a category manager may analyze rules by utilizing a system to determine a percentage of coverage for a domain. For example, a domain “shoes” may include a set of domain rules that may be used to determine whether a data item is classified in the domain for “shoes.” For example, the set of domain rules may test a category that is entered by the author of the data item and stored in the data item and, responsive to a match, may structure the data item in the domain “shoes” (e.g., assign a domain value-pair “PRODUCT TYPE=shoes”). The system may determine a percentage of coverage for the domain rules associated with the domain “shoes” by receiving a total quantity data items from a database that includes data items available for sale or auction on an information storage and retrieval platform. Next, the system may apply the domain rules to the total quantity of data items. If the condition clause of a domain rule includes a category that matches a category stored in the data item (e.g., listing) and a predicate clause of the domain rule includes the domain-value pair “PRODUCT TYPE=“shoes”” then a match is registered by incrementing a counter associated with the product domain for “shoes.” Next, the system may determine a percentage of coverage for the domain “shoes” by dividing the quantity of data items registered in the counter by the total quantity of data items to which the domain rules were applied. The percentage coverage for the domain “shoes” may be represented as an interface element within an interface. Category managers may utilize the system to determine whether a newly authored set of domain rules perform as anticipated.

According to a fourth feature of the present disclosure, a category manager may may analyze rules by utilizing a system to determine a percentage of coverage for an aspect in a domain. For example, the aspect COLOR may be used to describe data items (e.g., listings) of shoes for auction or sale in the domain “shoes.” The system may determine a percentage of coverage for the aspect COLOR in the domain “shoes” by receiving a total quantity data items from a database that includes data items available for sale or auction on an information storage and retrieval platform. Next, the system may apply the aspect rules associated with the domain “shoes” to the total quantity of data items. If the condition clause of an aspect rule includes information that matches information stored in the listing and the predicate clause of the aspect rule assigns an aspect-value pair that includes the aspect COLOR (e.g., COLOR=red or COLOR=white, COLOR=blue, etc.) then a match is registered by incrementing a counter corresponding to the aspect-value pair in the domain “shoes.” Next, the system may determine a percentage of coverage for the aspect COLOR in the domain “shoes” by dividing a quantity of data items registered in the respective counters (e.g., corresponding to values associated with the aspect COLOR) by the total quantity of data items to which the rules were applied. The percentage coverage for the aspect COLOR in the domain “shoes” may be represented as an interface element within an interface. Category managers may utilize the system to determine whether a newly authored set of aspect rules perform as anticipated.

According to a fifth feature of the present disclosure, a category manager may analyze rules by utilizing a system to determine a percentage of coverage for an aspect-value pair in a domain. For example, an aspect-value pair (e.g., COLOR=red) may be used to describe data items (e.g., listings) of shoes for auction or sale in the domain “shoes.” The system may determine a percentage of coverage for the aspect-value pair (e.g., COLOR=red) in the domain “shoes” by receiving a total quantity data items from a database that includes data items available for sale or auction on an information storage and retrieval platform. Next, the system may apply aspect rules for the domain “shoes” to the total quantity of data items. If the condition clause of an aspect rule includes information that matches information stored in the listing and the predicate clause assigns the aspect-value pair “COLOR=red” then a match is registered by incrementing a counter corresponding to the aspect-value pair “COLOR=red” in the domain shoes. Next, the system may determine a percentage of coverage for the aspect-value pair “COLOR=red” in the domain “shoes” by dividing the quantity of data items registered in the counter by the total quantity of data items to which the aspect rules were applied. A percentage coverage may be generated for all values associated with an aspect (e.g., COLOR=red or COLOR=white, COLOR=blue, etc.). The percentage coverage may be represented as an interface element within an interface. Category managers may utilize the system to determine whether a newly authored set of aspect rules perform as anticipated.

FIG. 1 is a network diagram depicting a system 10, according to one example embodiment, having a client-server architecture. A commerce platform or commerce server, in the example form of an information storage and retrieval platform 12, provides server-side functionality, via a network 14 (e.g., the Internet) to one or more clients. FIG. 1 illustrates, for example, a web client 16 (e.g., a browser, such as the Internet Explorer browser developed by Microsoft Corporation of Redmond, Wash. State) executing on a client machine 20, a programmatic client 18 executing on the client machine 22, and, a programmatic client 18 in the form of authoring modules 25 executing on the client machine 23.

Turning to the information storage and retrieval platform 12, an application program interface (API) server 24 and a web server 26 are coupled to, and provide programmatic and web interfaces respectively to, one or more application servers 28. The application servers 28 host one or more modules 30 (e.g., modules, applications, engines, etc.). The application servers 28 are, in turn, shown to be coupled to one or more database servers 34 that facilitate access to one or more databases 36. The modules 30 provide a number of information storage and retrieval functions and services to users that access the information storage and retrieval platform 12.

While the system 10 shown in FIG. 1 employs a client-server architecture, the present disclosure is of course not limited to such an architecture, and could equally well find application in a distributed, or peer-to-peer, architecture system. The various modules 30 and authoring modules 25 may also be implemented as standalone software programs, which do not necessarily have networking capabilities.

The web client 16 may access the various modules 30 via the web interface supported by the web server 26. Similarly, the programmatic client 18 accesses the various services and functions provided by the modules 30 via the programmatic interface provided by the API server 24. The programmatic client 18 may, for example, be a seller application (e.g., the TurboLister application developed by eBay Inc., of San Jose, Calif.) to enable sellers to author and manage data items or listings on the information storage and retrieval platform 12 in an off-line manner, and to perform batch-mode communications between the programmatic client 18 and the information storage and retrieval platform 12. In addition, the programmatic client 18 may, as previously indicated, include authoring modules 25 that may be used to author, generate, analyze, and publish domain rules and aspect rules that may be used in the information storage and retrieval platform 12 to structure data items and transform queries. The client machine 23 is further shown to be coupled to one or more databases 27.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating the modules 30, according to an embodiment. The modules 30 include a communication module 40, a listing module 74, processing modules 46, a string analyzer module 47, a scrubber module 50, and two sets (e.g., instantiations) of publishing modules 42 (e.g., publishing modules 42 for the production environment, publishing modules 42 for the preview environment) and marketplace applications 44. Each set of publishing modules 42 includes a classification service engine 48, a query engine 52, and a search index engine 54. The publishing modules 42 may be utilized to publish new and/or existing rules to the production environment or the preview environment in the information storage and retrieval platform 12 thereby enabling the rules to be operative (e.g., applied to data items and queries) in the respective environments.

In one embodiment, the information storage and retrieval platform 12 may be embodied as a network-based marketplace (e.g., eBay, the Worlds Online Marketplace developed by eBay Inc., of San Jose, Calif.) that supports the transaction of data items or listings (e.g., goods or services) between sellers and buyers. For example, the information storage and retrieval platform 12 may receive information from sellers that describe the data items that may subsequently be retrieved by potential buyers or bidders. In such an embodiment the modules 30 may include marketplace applications 44 may provide a number of marketplace functions and services to users that access the information storage and retrieval platform 12.

The preview environment enables a category manager to analyze the rules and determine whether such rules perform as expected without impacting the live operations in the production environment. For example, the preview environment enables a most popular query analysis, a domain coverage analysis, an aspect coverage analysis, and an aspect-value pair coverage analysis as described later in this document. After determining that rules perform as expected, the category manager may publish the rules to production environment in the information storage and retrieval platform 12.

The communication module 40 may receive a query from the client machine 22, 20 which may include one or more constraints (e.g., keywords, categories, information specific to a type of data item, (e.g., item-specific). The communication module 40 may interact with the query engine 52 and the search index engine 54 to process the query. The communication module 40 may receive aspect-value pairs that may be extracted from the query. Further, the communication module 40 may construct a transformed query based on the aspect-value pairs extracted from the query and may communicate an interface (e.g., user interface) to the user at the client machines 22, 20.

The listing module 74 may receive information from a client machine 20 or 22 and store the information as a data item in the database 36. For example, a seller may operate the client machine 20 or 22 to enter the information that is descriptive of the data item for the purpose of offering the data item for sale or auction on the information storage and retrieval platform 12.

The processing module 46 may receive classification information and metadata information. The processing module 46 may publish the classification information and metadata information to a production environment or a preview environment. The processing module 46 may publish to the production environment by publishing classification information and metadata information to backend servers that may host the query engine 52, the search index engine 54, and the classification service engine 48. The processing module 46 may publish to a preview environment by publishing classification information and metadata information to a local backend server that may host the query engine 52, the search index engine 54, and the classification service engine 48.

The processing module 46 is further shown to include a data item retrieval module 85 that may receive requests for data items from a category manager operating the client machine 23. For example, responsive to receiving the request, the data item retrieval module 85 may read the data items from the data item information 65 stored on the database 36 and store the data items 65 as sample information 63 in the database 27.

The processing module 46 is further shown to include a query retrieval module 93 that may receive requests for queries from a category manager operating the client machine 23. For example, responsive to receiving the request, the query retrieval module 93 may read the queries from the sample information 63 and communicate the queries to the client machine 23.

The scrubber module 50 may receive item information that may be entered by a client machine 22, 20 to create a data item. The scrubber module 50 may utilize the services of the classification service engine 48 to structure the item information in the data item (e.g., apply domain and aspect rules).

The string analyzer module 47 may receive a request from the client machine 23 to identify candidate values to associate with an aspect. The request may include the aspect and one or more values that have been associated to the aspect. The string analyzer module 47 may utilize the aspect (e.g., COLOR) to identify strings of text in a database that includes the aspect. The string analyzer module 47 relies on various services provided in the information storage and retrieval platform 12 to identify and process the strings of text. For example, the string analyzer module 47 may utilize services that may expand the aspect to a derivative form of the aspect including a singular form (e.g., COLOR), a plural form (e.g., COLORS), synonymous form, an alternate word form (e.g., CHROMA, COLORING, TINT, etc.), a commonly misspelled form (e.g., COLLOR, etc.) or an acronym form. In one embodiment the string analyzer module 47 may identify the boundaries of a string of text based on the position of the aspect and derivatives thereof in the string of text. For example, the string analyzer module 47 may identify the boundaries of the string of text based on a predetermined number of words to the left and right of the aspect in the string of text. In one embodiment the predetermined number of words may be a configurable value. After the strings of text have been identified, the string analyzer module 47 may rely on a service in the information storage and retrieval platform 12 to remove stop words from the strings (e.g., the, and, if, etc.). For example, stop words may include prepositions and antecedents because they may not be considered candidate values. Next, the string analyzer module 47 may remove the aspect values received in the request from the string. Finally, the string analyzer module 47 returns the remaining candidate values to the client machine 23.

The database utilized by the string analyzer module 47 may include queries that have been entered by a user to the information storage and retrieval platform 12 and/or data items that have been entered by a user to the information storage and retrieval platform 12 and/or dictionaries, and/or thesauruses. The string analyzer module 47 may analyze the strings of text to identify candidate values to associate with the aspect.

The classification service engine 48 may be used to apply domain rules and aspect rules to data items. The classification service engine 48 may apply domain rules to identify one or more domain-value pairs (e.g., PRODUCT TYPE=Women's Shoes) that may be associated with the data item. The classification service engine 48 may further apply the aspect rules to identify aspect-value pairs (Brand=Anne Klein) that may be associated with the data item. The classification service engine 48 may apply the domain and aspect rules to data items or listings as they are added to the information storage and retrieval platform 12, or responsive to the publication of new rules (e.g., domain rules, aspect rules).

The classification service engine 48 may process data items received from the client machines 20, 22. For example, the scrubber module 50 may use the services of the classification service engine 48, as previously described, to apply domain rules and aspect rules to the data item. The classification service engine 48 may further store the data item, with the associated domain-value pairs and aspect-value pairs in a database 36 as item search information. Further, the classification service engine 48 pushes or publishes item search information over a bus in real time to the search index engine 54. Further, the classification service engine 48, may execute in the preview environment to enable analysis of newly authored rules before publication of the rules to the production environment. Further, the classification service engine 48 may maintain histogram information in the form of data item counters as the domain and aspect rules are applied to the data items. For example, the classification service engine 48 may increment a data item counter responsive to a condition a clause in a domain or aspect rule evaluating TRUE. The histogram information may be communicated to the client machine 20 that may utilize the histogram information to determine percentage coverage for most popular queries, domains, aspects, and aspect-value pairs.

The query engine 52 includes an aspect extractor module 58, classification information 49, metadata service module 60, and metadata information 62. In the production environment, the aspect extractor module 58 may receive a query from the communication module 40 and apply aspect rules to extract aspect-value pairs from the query. Further, in the production environment, the aspect extractor module 58 may communicate the query received from the communication module 40 to the processing module 46 that may store the query as sample query information.

In the preview environment, the aspect extractor module 58 may receive most popular queries from the client machine 23 and apply aspect rules to extract aspect-value pairs from the query. Further, in the preview environment, the aspect extractor module 58 may maintain histogram information 99 while applying the aspect rules to the queries. For example, the query processing module 69 may respond to a condition clause 298 that evaluates TRUE (e.g., matching keyword) by incrementing a data item counter associated with the respective query. Further, in the production environment, the aspect extractor module 58 may communicate the aspect-value pairs to the communication module 40.

The metadata service module 60 may communicate metadata information to the communication module 40 based on the query that is received from the communication module 40. The metadata information may include metadata that the communication module 40 may use to format and generate an interface (e.g., user interface).

The search index engine 54 may include search indexes 64 and data item search information 66 (e.g., including data items and associated domain-value pairs and aspect-value pairs). In the production environment, the search index engine 54 may receive the transformed query from the communication module 40 and utilize the search indexes 64 to identify data items based on the transformed query. Further, in the production environment, the search index engine 54 may further communicate the found data items to the communication module 40.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating authoring modules 25, according to an embodiment. The authoring modules 25 may include a value generator module 79, a data item processing module 81, a query processing module 69, a domain coverage module 87, an aspect coverage module 89 and an aspect-value coverage module 91, a rules editor 88, a viewing manager 95, and a version manager 97. In general, the authoring modules 25 may be used to author, analyze and generate the above described domain and aspect rules. Specifically, the authoring modules 25 may generate candidate values and aspect-value pair(s) that include the candidate values. The generated aspect-value pair(s) may be utilized by the rules editor 88 to generate one or more aspect rules. In general, the rules editor 88 may be utilized to edit and generate aspect and/or domain rules. The version manager 97 may be utilized to publish versions of rules.

The data item processing module 81 may be used to request data items for the preview environment. For example, the rules (e.g., domain and aspect) may be published or applied to the requested data items. The data item processing module 81 may be utilized to request different types of data items for the preview environment, as described further below.

The viewing manager 95 may be utilized to view coverage of the rules. For example, the viewing manager 95 may represent percentage coverage for most popular queries, domains, aspects, or aspect-values as interface elements. Interface elements may include user interface elements, audio interface elements, media interface elements, machine interface elements respectively presented on a user interface, audio interface, media interface and/or a machine interface. For example, in one embodiment, the viewing manager 95 may represent percentage coverage for queries or data items as user interface elements that may be displayed on a user interface. Further, the viewing manager 95 may receive a request from a category manager to display the percentage coverage of the most popular queries for a specified category. In response to receiving the request, the viewing manager 95 may request the query retrieval module 93 on the information storage and retrieval platform 12 to retrieve queries for the specified categories.

The value generator module 79 may receive a request from a category manager to suggest candidate values for a particular aspect. In response to receiving the request, the value generator module 79 may communicate the request to string analyzer module, the request including the aspect and existing candidate values. Further, the value generator module 79 may receive candidate values from the string analyzer module 47 and prompt the category manager to select candidate value(s).

The query processing module 69 may determine a percentage of coverage for each of the most popular queries. The domain coverage module 87 may determine a percentage of coverage for a selected domain(s). The aspect coverage module 87 may determine a percentage of coverage for each of the aspects within a selected domain. The aspect-value coverage module 91 may determine a percentage of coverage for each of the aspect-values within a selected domain and aspect.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram further illustrating the information storage and retrieval platform 12, according to an embodiment. For example, as previously described, the information storage and retrieval platform 12 may be embodied as a network-based marketplace (e.g., eBay, the Worlds Online Marketplace developed by eBay Inc., of San Jose, Calif.) that supports the transaction of data items or listings (e.g., goods or services) between sellers and buyers.

Rules Generation

At operation 80, a category or data manager may utilize the authoring modules 25 to author rules that may include classification rules (e.g., domain rules and aspect rules) and metadata rules that may be published in the production environment or the preview environment on the information storage and retrieval platform 12. The following operations 82 through 114 provide an overview of a publication of rules in the production environment and operation of the production environment.

At operation 82, the processing module 46 may receive and store the rules in the database 36 in the form of classification information 49 and metadata information 66.

At operation 84, the processing module 46 may communicate the rules over a bus to a query engine 52, a metadata service module 60, and a classification service engine 48. For example, the category manager may publish the rules in real-time to facilitate the addition of new rules or the modification of existing rules while the information storage and retrieval platform 12 may be operating. In one embodiment, the processing module 46, query engine 52, metadata service module 60 and classification service engine 48 may communicate with each other over a bus that utilizes publish/subscribe middleware and database access software. In one embodiment the middleware may be embodied as TIBCO RENDEZVOUS™, a middleware or Enterprise Application Integration (EAI) product developed by Tibco Software, Inc. Palo Alto, Calif.

Data Item Generation

At operation 90, an author or publisher (e.g., a seller, user, etc.) enters information including item information into a client machine 20. The client machine 20 may communicate the item information to the information storage and retrieval platform 12 where the item information may be stored as a data item 65 in data item information 67 in the database 36. The item information entered by the user may include keywords in a title/description, one or more categories in which to list the data item 65, and one or more item-specifics (e.g., color=blue). For example, the data item may describe a pair of shoes for auction or sale.

At operation 92, a scrubber module 50 may read the data item 65 and utilize the services of the classification service engine 48 (operation 94). The classification service engine 48 may structure the item information in the data item. For example, the classification service engine 48 may structure the data item by applying domain rules and aspect rules to the data item 65. The domain rules and aspect rules may respectively include a condition clause and a predicate clause. The classification service engine 48 may apply a condition clause to the data item 65 (e.g., Title, description, category, item-specific, etc.) and if the condition evaluates TRUE, then the corresponding predicate clause (e.g., domain-value pair, or aspect-value pair) be associated with the data item 65. For example, a seller may enter a data item 65 that includes Category=“Debutante's Shoes”, Title=“AK Size 8 Black Pumps” and the classification service engine 48 may apply domain rules to the data item 65 to identify one or more domain-value pairs that may be stored with the data item 65 (e.g., If category=“Debutante's Shoes” then PRODUCT TYPE=Women's Shoes, AISLE=shoes, DEPARTMENT=Apparel & Accessories). Further, the classification service engine 48 may apply aspect rules to identify one or more aspect-value pairs that may be associated with the data item 65 (e.g., If Title=black then color=black, etc.).

The above described domain-value pairs enable the data items to be identified (e.g., searched with a query) or browsed according to domains. According to one embodiment the domains may include a hierarchy of product domains, aisle domains, and department domains. The product domain represents the lowest level of the hierarchy and includes data items in the form of products (e.g., women's shoes, belts, watches, etc.) or services offered for sale on the information storage and retrieval platform. The aisle domain (e.g., Women's Clothing) represents the next level in the hierarchy and may include one or more product domains. The department domain (e.g., Apparel and Accessories) represents the highest level in the hierarchy and may include one or more aisle or product domains. Other embodiments may include different number or nesting of domains. Accordingly, the above described domain-value pairs may include a product type domain-value pair (e.g., “PRODUCT TYPE=Women's Shoes”, PRODUCT TYPE=Watches”, etc.), an aisle type domain-value pair (e.g., “AISLE TYPE=Women's Clothing”, AISLE TYPE=Women's Accessories”, etc.) or a department domain-value pair (“AISLE TYPE=Women's Clothing”).

The above described aspect-value pairs may be domain specific and enable the data items to be identified (e.g., searched with a query) or browsed within a domain. For example, in the product domain “Women's Shoes” the following aspects may be used to describe women's shoes—color, brand, size. Further each of the aspects may be associated with one or more values to form the aspect-value pair (e.g., COLOR=blue, COLOR=red, etc.). Further, the classification service engine 48 may, in an example embodiment, assign only canonical values to the value of an aspect-value pair. For example, the seller may enter any of the following strings “A Klein”, “Anne Klein” and “AK”; however, in each case, the classification service engine 48 may associate an aspect-value pair with the same canonical value, Brand=“Anne Klein.”

At operation 96, the scrubber module 50 may store the data item 65, domain value-pairs, and aspect-value pairs as data item search information 66 in the database 36.

At operation 98 the scrubber module 50 pushes or publishes the data item search information 66 over a bus in real time to a search index engine 54 that may store the data item search information 66 and update search indexes 64 based on the data item search information 66. For example, the search index engine 54 may add a data item identification number to appropriate search indexes 64 that may be associated with keyword(s) or aspect-value pairs in the data item 65. The scrubber module 50 and search index engine 54 may communicate with each other over a bus that utilizes publish/subscribe middleware and database access software. In one embodiment the middleware may be embodied as TIBCO RENDEZVOUS™, as described above.

Query Time Operations

At operation 100, a user may enter a query that includes different types of constraints including a keyword constraint, an item-specific constraint, and a category constraint. The query may be received by a communication module 40 at the information storage and retrieval platform 12.

At operation 102, the communication module 40 may communicate the query to the query engine 52, at a back end server 103 that may include the aspect extractor module 58 and the metadata service module 60. The aspect extractor module 58 may apply the aspect rules associated with the product type domain “Women's Shoes” to the query to extract aspect-values from the query. For example, the aspect-value pairs COLOR=ruby, COLOR=red, BRAND=anne klein, size=8 IN PRODUCT TYPE=Women's Shoes may be extracted from the query “A Klein shoes size 8 ruby.” Further, the aspect extractor module 58 may assign the same canonical values that were assigned by the classification service engine 48, as described below. Indeed, the aspect extractor module 58 may utilize a subset of the same aspect rules that were utilized by the classification service engine 48.

At operation 104, the aspect extractor module 58 may communicate the extracted aspect-value pairs to the communication module 40. Further, the metadata service module 60 may communicate metadata information 62 to the communication module 40. The communication module 40 may utilize the extracted aspect-value pairs to construct a transformed query. For example, the transformed query may include keywords from the query and aspect-value pairs extracted from the query. In addition, the communication module 40 may cache the metadata for subsequent construction of the interface (e.g. user interface).

At operation 106, the communication module 40 may communicate the transformed query to the search index engine 54 at the back end server 103. The search index engine 54 may utilize the transformed query to retrieve data items 65. The search index engine 54 retrieves the data items 65 by utilizing the search indexes 64. For example, the search index engine 54 may utilize the keywords constraints (e.g., keywords) in the transformed query to retrieve item identification numbers from search indexes 64 that correspond to the keywords. Further, the search index engine 54 may utilize the aspect-value pairs in the transformed query to retrieve item identification numbers from search indexes 64 that correspond to the aspect-value pairs.

At operation 108, the search index engine 54 may communicate the retrieved data items 65 to the communication module 40 that, in turn, utilizes the data items 65 and the metadata information 62 to generate an interface.

At operation 114, the communication module 40 communicates the interface (e.g., user interface) to the client machine 20 that displays the interface to the user (e.g. buyer or bidder).

FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating a domain structure 120, according to one embodiment. The domain structure 120 is shown to include buy-side data 122 and sell-side data 124. The sell-side data 124 is shown to include categories 126 that may have been selected by an author (e.g., seller) of the data item 65 to categorize the data item 65 on the information storage and retrieval platform 12. For example, the author may select one or more categories 126 including collectibles, jewelry and watches, debutante's shoes, etc. The buy-side data 122 is shown to include the above described product domains 132 (e.g., Belts, Watches, Handbags, Women's Shoes, etc.), aisle domains 130 (e.g., Women's Accessories, Women's Clothing, Women's Bottoms, etc.) and a department domain 128 (e.g., Apparel and Accessories). The previously described domain rules may be used to associate sell side data 124 (e.g., categories) to the product, aisle and department domains 128, 130, 132.

FIG. 6 is a table 148 further illustrating sell-side data 150 and buy-side data 152, according to one embodiment. The sell-side data 150 may be entered by an author (e.g., seller) of a listing or data item 65 and stored in the data item 65 and, as described above. The sell-side data 150 may include a category 154, a title 156 and one or more item-specifics 158, 160. For example, the sell-side data 150 illustrates the author as entering the category 154 “Debutante's Shoes”, the title 156 “AK Size 8 Ruby Pumps”, the item-specific 158 “Brand=Via Spiga” and the item-specific 160 Size=8. The buy-side data 152 is shown to include the product domain 132 “Women's Shoes”, the aisle domain 130 “Women's Clothing”, the department domain 128 “Apparel & Accessories”, the aspect “Color”, the aspect “Brand” and the aspect “Size.” The buy-side data 152 may be associated with the sell-side data 150 via the domain rules and aspect rules, as previously described. Specifically, the condition clause in the rules may be used to test sell-side data 150. If the rule evaluates TRUE then buy-side data 152 in the same column may be associated with the data item 65. For example, the buy-side data 152 is shown to include a product domain-value pair 201 (e.g., PRODUCT TYPE=Women's Shoes), an aisle domain-value pair 201 (e.g., AISLE TYPE=Women's Clothing), a department domain-value pair (e.g., DEPARTMENT TYPE=Apparel & Accessories) that may have been associated with the data item 65 based on the category 154 “Debutante's Shoes.” Note that multiple aspect brands (e.g., Anne Klein, Via Spiga) may be associated with the data item 65 based on the title 156 and the item-specific 158. Further note that aspect rules may be designed to infer or map one aspect-value pair to another. For example, the assignment of the aspect-value pair COLOR=ruby may be used to infer the assignment of another aspect-value pair COLR=red because ruby is a type of red. In one embodiment, the inference may be made with an aspect rule that includes a predicate clause that determines whether an aspect value pair is has been assigned to the data item 65 (e.g., if COLOR=red, then COLOR=ruby).

FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating a canonical matching concept 210, according to an embodiment. The canonical matching concept 210 may be used to identify a data item 65 with a query. The canonical matching concept 210 may use a value (e.g., canonical value) to represent other values 208. For example, a query that includes the string “AK” may be received from a client machine. The query may be processed with an aspect rule that may include a condition clause that tests for multiple keywords (If “Anne Klein” OR “Ann Klein” OR “A Klein” OR “AKNY” OR “AK”, etc.) to associate the canonical aspect-value pair “BRAND=Anne Klein” to the query.

Continuing with example, a data item may be received from a seller at the client machine and may include any of the illustrated strings that represent “Ann Klein.” For example, the title in the data item may contain “Anne Klein.” Continuing with the example, the data item 65 may be processed with an aspect rule that includes a condition clause that tests for keywords in the title (If title=“Anne Klein” OR “Ann Klein” OR “A Klein” OR “AKNY” OR “AK”, etc.) to associate the canonical aspect-value pair 204 “BRAND=“Anne Klein” to the data item. Accordingly, the data item may be found by a buyer that enters a query that includes keywords that do not match the information entered by the seller.

FIG. 8A is a block diagram illustrating databases 36, according to an embodiment. The databases 36 include the production publish databases 71, preview publish databases 12, and the marketplace information 44. The production publish databases 71 may be utilized in the production environment and the preview publish databases 72 may be utilized in the preview environment. The production publish databases 71 include data item information 67, data item search information 66 and classification information 49. The classification information 49 includes the domain and aspect rules that may be applied to the data item information 67 (e.g., data items 65) to generate the data item search information 66 (e.g., data items 65 that have been structured with domain-value pairs and aspect-value pairs). The publish databases 72 includes sample information 63, sample data item search information 74, and classification information 49. The classification information 49 includes the domain and aspect rules that may be applied to the sample data item information 83 (e.g., data items 65) to generate the sample data item search information 74 (e.g., data items 65 that have been structured with domain-value pairs and aspect-value pairs). Further, the aspect rules in the classification information 49 may be applied to sample query information 73 to generate transformed queries that may be utilized to search the sample data item information 83.

The sample information 63 is shown to include sample query information 73 and sample data item information 83. The sample query information 73 includes queries that have been received by the information storage and retrieval platform 12 for a predetermined period of time. For example, the sample query information 73 may include all queries received in production environment in the last year. The sample data item information 83 includes data items 65 that have been sampled from the data item information 67 (e.g., live data). The sample data item information 83 may include different sets of data items 65 that may be published to preview environment in the information storage and retrieval platform 12. For example, the sets of data items 65 may include a current set, a seasonal set, or an historical set. The current set may be a sample taken on a date close to the current date (e.g., the current date or one or two days after the current date). The seasonal set may be taken on a date close to a holiday date (e.g., the holiday date one or two days before or after the holiday date). The historical set may be taken on a date close to a historical date (e.g., the historical date or one or two days before or after the historical date (e.g., September 11)).

Further, example sets of data items 65 may include data items 65 that have been selected to include lengthy titles, a lengthy descriptions, a specific category, hard to classify data items 65, and data items entered by a particular seller segment. The lengthy title set and the lengthy description sets may include data items 65 that have been filtered based on the number of words in the title or description. For example, the title or description for data items 65 in each of the sets may exceed a predetermined number of words. The specific category set may include data items 65 that have been classified by a seller in a specific category. The hard to classify set may include data items 65 that have been historically difficult for category managers to classify with domain and/or aspect rules. The particular seller segment set may include data items 65 that have been authored by sellers that sell products or services on the information storage and retrieval platform 12 with revenues exceeding a predetermined amount.

As previously described, in one embodiment, the information storage and retrieval platform 12 may be embodied as a network-based marketplace (e.g., eBay, the Worlds Online Marketplace developed by eBay Inc., of San Jose, Calif.) that supports the transaction of data items or listings (e.g., goods or services) between sellers and buyers. In such an embodiment the databases 36 may include marketplace information 44.

FIG. 8B is a block diagram illustrating databases 27, according to an embodiment, including authoring information 86. The authoring information 86 includes preview publish information 75, production classification information 76, preview classification information 78, most popular query information 77 and histogram information 99. The preview publish information 75 may be used to identify domain dictionaries to publish to the production environment or the preview environment. The production classification information 76 stores domain dictionaries that are currently published in the production environment as classification information 49. The preview classification information 78 stores new or edited domain dictionaries. Indeed, the domain dictionaries in the preview classification information 78 may be concurrently updated by multiple category managers. The preview publish information 75 may be utilized to identify the domain dictionaries in the production classification information 76 or the preview classification information 78 to publish to the preview environment or the production environment. For example, the preview publish information 75 may be utilized to identify the latest version of a domain dictionary.

The most popular query information 77 may be used to store most popular queries. The histogram information 99 may be generated by the classification service engine 48 and utilized to store statistical information (e.g., counters) based on the application of domain or aspect rules to the data items or queries. The histogram information 99 may be communicated to the authoring modules to determine percentage coverage for most popular queries, domains, aspects, and aspect-value pairs.

FIG. 9A is a block diagram illustrating the classification information 49, according to an embodiment. The classification information 49 in the production environment includes a complete set of domain dictionaries 252 that are published to the production environment on the information storage and retrieval platform 12. The classification information 49 in the preview environment includes a complete set of domain dictionaries 252 that are published to the preview environment on the information storage and retrieval platform 12. Each domain dictionary 252 may be associated with a single product type (e.g., shoes, belts, watches, etc.) and includes domain rules 192, aspect rules 296, a domain version 197, and a domain identifier 199. The domain rules 192 may be used to associate a product domain 132 and/or aisle domain 130 and/or department domain 128 to the data item 65 based on the contents of the data item. The aspect rules 296 may be used to associate aspect-value pairs to the data item 65 based on the contents of a data item 65. Specifically, the aspect rules 296 in a domain dictionary 252 may be utilized to associate aspect-value pairs to data items identified, via domain rules 192 in the same domain dictionary 252, as belonging to the product type of the domain dictionary 252. For example, the domain rules 192 from the product domain 132 “women's shoes” may be used to identify a data item 65 as belonging to the “women's shoe's” product domain 132 and the aspect rules 296 from the same product domain 132 “women's shoes” may be used to associate aspect-value pairs to data items identified as belonging to the product domain 132 “women's shoes.” Further, the aspect rules 296 for a particular product domain 132 may be utilized to associate aspect-value pairs to a query to form a transformed query that may be utilized to search for data items identified as being in the same product domain 132 and containing matching aspect-value pairs. The domain version 197 may be used to identify the version of the domain dictionary currently published to and operating in production environment or the preview environment on the information storage and retrieval platform 12.

FIG. 9B is a block diagram illustrating production classification information 76, according to an embodiment. The production classification information 76 includes a complete set of domain dictionaries 252 that have been published to the production environment on the information storage and retrieval platform 12. The production classification information 76 may include domain dictionaries 252 that may be identified by the preview publish information 75 for publication to the preview environment or the publication environment on the information storage and retrieval platform 12.

FIG. 9C is a block diagram illustrating the preview classification information 78, according to an embodiment. The preview classification information 78 does not include a complete set of domain dictionaries for publication; but rather new domain dictionaries 252 that have been created by a category manager or existing domain dictionaries 252 that have been edited by a category manager. The preview classification information 78 may include domain dictionaries 252 that may be identified by the preview publish information 75 for publication to the preview environment or the publication environment on the information storage and retrieval platform 12.

FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating rules 190, according to an embodiment. The rules 290 include domain rules 292 and aspect rules 296. The domain rules 292 and aspect rules 296 include a condition clause 298 (e.g., trigger, Boolean expression, etc.) on the left and a predicate clause 300 on the right. The condition clause 298 that may include a Boolean expression that may evaluate TRUE or FALSE. In one embodiment the Boolean expression may be used to evaluate one or more fields in the data item 65 to identify matching information (e.g., condition clause 298 evaluates TRUE). For example, the condition clause 298 may evaluate TRUE responsive to the identification of matching information in the category 154 and/or in the title 156, and/or in the item-specific 158 in a data item 65. Further, the Boolean expression may include multiple operators (AND, OR, EXCLUSIVE OR, etc.). If the condition clause 298 evaluates TRUE, then, the predicate clause 300 may be executed to associate the contents of the predicate clause with the data item 65.

The predicate clauses 300 associated with the domain rules 292 may include a domain-value pair 301 (e.g., PRODUCT TYPE=Women's Shoes). The domain-value pair 301 may include a domain type 303 (e.g., PRODUCT TYPE) and a domain 305 (e.g., “Women's Shoes”). The domain type 303 may describe the type of domain (e.g., PRODUCT TYPE, AISLE TYPE, DEPARTMENT TYPE, etc. The domain 305 may be any one of the possible domain names associated with the corresponding domain type 303. The domain-value pair 201 “PRODUCT TYPE=Women's Shoes” may further be used as a condition clause 298 to trigger the association of another domain-value pair 301. For example, the domain rule 294 is shown to evaluate TRUE if the data item 65 includes the previously associated domain-value pair 301 “PRODUCT TYPE=Women's Shoes.” If TRUE, then the domain-value pair 301 “AISLE TYPE=Women's Clothing” may also be associated with the data item 65. Accordingly, the association of one domain-value pair 301 to a data item 65 may trigger the association of another domain-value pair 301 (e.g., mapping).

The predicate clauses 300 associated with the aspect rules 296 may include an aspect-value pair 304 (e.g., COLOR=ruby). For example, the aspect rule 297 is associated with aspect-value pair 304 “COLOR=ruby” that may be assigned to a data item 65 that contains a Title with the word “Ruby.” The aspect-value pair 304 may include an aspect 306 such as “COLOR” and a value 308 such as “ruby.” The aspect-value pair 304 (e.g., COLOR=ruby) may further be used as a condition clause 298. For example, an aspect rule 299 may include the aspect-value pair 204 (e.g., COLOR=ruby) as a condition clause 298 to trigger the association of another aspect-value pair 304 (“color=red”) to the data item 65. Accordingly, the association of one aspect-value pair 304 to the data item 65 may be used to associate another aspect-value pair 204 to the data item 65. In addition, the aspect rules 296 may include a condition clause 298 that includes a keyword 302. For example, an aspect rule 296 is shown to include the keyword 302 “ruby.” The keyword(s) 302 in the aspect rule 296 may be used by the aspect extractor module 58 to match keyword(s) 302 in a query. In response to the match, the aspect extractor module 58 may assign the aspect-value pair (e.g., COLOR=ruby) from the corresponding predicate clause 300 to a transformed query that may be used to search data items 65 including the same aspect-value pair.

FIG. 11 is a block diagram illustrating data item information 67, according to an embodiment. The data item information 67 is shown to include multiple data items. The data item 65 may include a title 320, a description 322, one or more categories 324, one or more item-specifics 326, and a data item identification number 328. The title 320 may include keywords entered by the user to describe the data item 65. For example, the present data item 65, as illustrated, shows a title “AK Size 8 Ruby Pumps.” The description 322 may be used to describe the data item 65 that may be for sale or auction. The category 324 may be a category selected by the seller or author of the data item 65. The item-specific 326 may include item-specific (e.g., Via Spiga, Size 8) information selected by the seller or author of the data item 65. In the present example, the data item 65 may be a pair of shoes, and therefore an item-specific 264 for BRAND is appropriate. The data item identification number 266 uniquely identifies the data item 65 in the information storage and retrieval platform 12.

FIG. 12 is a block diagram illustrating the search index engine 54, according to an embodiment. The search index engine 54 is shown to include the search index 64, and the data item search information 66. The search index 64 is further shown to include multiple aspect-value pairs 304 and multiple keywords 302. Each aspect-value pair 304 and keyword 302 is further illustrated as associated with one or more data item identification numbers 328. For example, if a data item 65 was associated with the aspect-value pair 304 “BRAND=Anne Klein”, then the data item identification number 328 corresponding to the data item 65 may be associated with the aspect-value pair “BRAND=Anne Klein.” Also, for example, if a data item 65 was associated with the aspect-value pair 304 “COLOR=Ruby”, then the data item identification number 328 of the data item 65 may be associated with the keyword 202 “Ruby” in the search index 64.

FIG. 13A is a block diagram illustrating the data item search information 66, according to an embodiment. The data item search information 66 may be utilized in the production environment and is shown to include multiple data item structured information 340 entries. Each data item structured information 340 entry may contain a data item 65, one or more domain-value pairs 301 that have been assigned to the data item 65 based on the application of one or more domain rules 292 and one or more aspect-value pairs 304 that have been assigned to the data item 65 based on the application of one or more aspect rules 296 in the production environment.

FIG. 13B is a block diagram illustrating the sample data item search information 74, according to an embodiment. The sample data item search information 74 may be utilized in the preview environment and is shown to include multiple data item structured information 340 entries. Each data item structured information 340 entry may contain a data item 65, one or more domain-value pairs 301 that have been assigned to the data item 65 based on the application of one or more domain rules 292 and one or more aspect-value pairs 304 that have been assigned to the data item 65 based on the application of one or more aspect rules 296 in the preview environment.

FIG. 14 is a block diagram illustrating sample query information 73, according to an embodiment. The sample query information 73 includes one or more query entries 400. Each query entry 400 includes one or more keywords 302, one or more categories 324 one or more item specifics 326 and a date received 402. The sample query information 73 is used to store queries received by the information storage and retrieval platform from a user (e.g., operating client machine 20).

FIG. 15 is a block diagram illustrating sampling criteria 410, according to an embodiment, for data items and queries. The sampling criteria 410 may be used to capture a current sample 412, a seasonal sample 414, or an historical sample 416. The current sample 412 may represent a sample of queries taken from the sample query information 73 on the information storage and retrieval platform 12. The current sample 412 may also represent a sample of data items 65 taken from the data item information 67 and stored in the sample data item information 83. The seasonal sample 414 may queries taken from the sample query information 73. Further, the seasonal sample 414 may be data items 65 taken from the data item information 67. The historical sample 416 may be queries taken from the sample query information 73. Further, the historical sample 416 may be data items 65 taken from the data item information 67.

FIG. 16 is a block diagram illustrating preview publish information 75, according to an embodiment. The preview publish information 75 is utilized to schedule the publication of a domain dictionary 252 to the preview environment or the production environment. The preview publish information 75 may be utilized to publish a domain dictionary 252 that is new, deleted, or updated (e.g., add rule(s), delete rule(s), or modify rules(s)). It will be appreciated that multiple category managers may be concurrently working on multiple domain dictionaries 252 and that the preview publish information 75 may be utilized to identify domain dictionaries 252 for publication to the preview environment or the production environment. The preview publish information 75 includes domain dictionary information entries 420. Each domain dictionary information 420 identifies a domain version 197 and domain identifier 199 associated with a domain dictionary 252 that is to be published to the preview environment or the production environment.

FIG. 17 is a block diagram illustrating most popular query information 77, according to an embodiment. The most popular query information 422 includes multiple query information entries 424 that respectively include the previously described query entry 400 and a query identifier 428. The most popular query information 422 is communicated by the query processing module 69 to the aspect extractor module 58 in the query engine 52 in the preview environment on the information storage and retrieval platform 12. The aspect extractor module 58 reads each of the query entries and applies the aspect rules 296 to the keywords in the query entry 400.

FIG. 18 is a block diagram illustrating histogram information 99, according to an embodiment. The histogram information 99 includes domain coverage information 442, aspect coverage information 444, and query coverage information 445. The domain coverage information 442 and aspect coverage information 444 may be generated by the classification service engine 48 which increments data item counters 446 responsive to application of domain rules 186 and aspect rules 296 that result in assignment of corresponding predicate clauses 300 to the data items 65. The domain coverage information 442 may be communicated to and read by the domain coverage module 87 to determine percentage domain coverage. The aspect coverage information 444 may be communicated to and read by the aspect coverage module 89 or the aspect-value percentage coverage module 91. The domain coverage information 440 includes domain identifiers 199, data item counters 446, and total data item counters 443. The total data item counters 443 include a count of all data items 65 evaluated with domain rules 292. The respective data item counters 446 may be incremented responsive to a domain rule 192 assigning a corresponding domain to a data item 65. Consider the following domain rule 192:

-   -   If category=“Debutante's Shoes” then PRODUCT TYPE=shoes

The domain 305 in the above predicate clause 300 includes the product type domain “shoes.” Accordingly, the data item counter 446 corresponding to the domain 305 “shoes” is incremented responsive to the assignment of “PRODUCT TYPE=shoes” to the data item 65.

The aspect coverage information 444 includes domain identifiers 199, aspects 306, values 308, data item counters 446 and a total data item counter 443. The total data item counters 443 include a count of all data items 65 evaluated with aspect rules 296. The respective data item counter 446 may be incremented responsive to an aspect rule 196 assigning the corresponding aspect-value pair (e.g., aspect 306 and value 308) to a data item 65. Consider the following aspect rules 296:

-   -   IN PRODUCT TYPE=SHOES, If title=ruby then COLOR=red

Responsive to applying the above aspect rule 196 from the domain dictionary 252 associated with the “shoes” domain to a data item 65, the aspect-value pair 304 “COLOR=red” may be assigned to the data item 65 if the word “red” is found in the title 320 field of the data item 65. Accordingly, the classification service engine 48 may increment the data item counter 446 in the aspect coverage information 444 that corresponds to the “shoes” domain, the aspect 306 “COLOR”, and the value 308 “red.” In yet another example, the same aspect value-pair, COLOR=red, may be assigned to the data item 65 based on the item specific 326 or the category 324 in the data item 65. Consider the following:

-   -   IN PRODUCT TYPE=SHOES, If item specific 3456=red then COLOR=red     -   IN PRODUCT TYPE=SHOES, If category=1234 then COLOR=red     -   IN PRODUCT TYPE=SHOES, If “ruby” then COLOR=red

Responsive to applying any of the above aspect rules 296, the aspect-value pair 304 “COLOR=red” may be assigned to the data item 65. Accordingly, the data item counter 446 corresponding to corresponds to the “shoes” domain, the aspect 306 “COLOR”, and the value 308 “red” may be incremented based on any of the above aspect rules evaluating TRUE.

The query coverage information 445 includes query identifiers 428, a matching aspect rule counter 447, and a total aspect rule counter 449. The respective matching aspect rule counters 447 may be incremented by the aspect extractor module 58 responsive to an aspect rule 196 that evaluates TRUE. For example, consider the following aspect rules 296:

-   -   IN PRODUCT TYPE=MILITARY SURPLUS, If navy, then SERVICE=Navy     -   IN PRODUCT TYPE=CLOTHING, If navy, then COLOR=blue

If the above aspect rules 296 are applied to a query “Navy Seal Fins” then the matching aspect rule counter 447 corresponding to the query may be incremented twice by the aspect extractor module 58. Further, the total aspect rule counter 449 may be incremented twice (e.g., for every aspect rule 196 that is applied to the query) by the aspect extractor module 58.

FIG. 19 is a flow chart illustrating a method 448 to generate rules to identify data items, according to an embodiment. The method commences at operation 450, at the client machine 23, with a category manager requesting publication of domain dictionaries 252 to the preview environment on the information storage and retrieval platform 12. In one embodiment, the request may be received and processed by the version manager 97 that utilizes the domain versions 197 identified in the preview publish information 75. For example, the version manager 97 may read the domain dictionary 252 from the preview classification information 78 or the production classification information 78 based on the latest domain version 197 identified in the preview publish information 75. Publication to the preview environment results in application of the domain rules 192 and the aspect rules 196 to sample data item information 83 to generate sample data item search information 74. For example, the sample data item information 83 may include a current sample 412 of data items 65, a seasonal sample 414 of data item 65, an historical sample 416 of data items 65 or some other type of sample, as previously described.

At operation 451, on the back end servers 103, the processing module 46 receives a complete set of domain dictionaries 252 in the form of classification information 49 and utilizes the publish modules 42 to publish the classification information 49 to the preview environment.

At the client machine 23, the category manager may review the aspect rules 296 and determine that the aspect 306 “COLOR” in the domain 305 “shoes” may provide greater coverage if additional values 308 were found. To this end the category manager may request that candidate values be suggested.

FIG. 34 is a diagram illustrating a user interface 453, according to an embodiment, to request candidate values. The user interface 453 shows the domain 305 “shoes” selected, the aspect 306 “color” selected and the current values 308 associated with the aspect “color” in the domain “shoes” (e.g., red, green, brown, and black). In one embodiment, the user may right click a mouse and request that candidate values 308 be suggested.

Returning to FIG. 19, at operation 452, the value generator module 79 receives the request to suggest candidate values and at operation 454 communicates the request, the aspect “color”, and the existing values (e.g., red, green, brown, and black) to the information storage and retrieval platform 12.

At operation 456, the string analyzer module 47 receives the request, the aspect “COLOR”, and the existing values and at operation 458 the string analyzer module 47 identifies strings of text in the sample query information 73 and/or the data item information 65 that may include the aspect 306 or derivatives thereof as previously described. For example, the string analyzer module 47 may identify strings that contain the aspect “COLOR” or derivatives thereof (e.g., acronyms, synonyms, misspellings, etc.) in the keywords 302 in the query entries 400 of the sample query information 73 or in the keywords 302 contained in the title 320 or description 322 of data items 65 in the data item information 65.

At operation 460, the string analyzer module 47 may analyze the string of text. For example, the string analyzer module 47 may remove stop words, the received values (e.g., red, green, brown, and black) and the aspect 306 or derivatives thereof from the identified strings of text to identify candidate value(s) 308 that may remain in the identified strings of text.

At operation 462, the string analyzer module 47 may communicate the candidate values 308 to the client machine 23. For example, the string analyzer module 47 may communicate the candidate values ruby, purple, orange, and yellow.

At operation 464, at the client machine 23, the value generator module 79 receives the candidate values, generates a user interface including the candidate values, and displays the user interface to the category manager. At operation 466, the category manager may select the candidate value 308 “ruby” to include the aspect-value pair “COLOR=ruby” in an aspect rule 296. For example, responsive to receiving the category managers selections, the authoring modules 25 may associate the aspect-value pair “COLOR=ruby” (e.g., a predicate clause 300) to a condition clause 208.

At operation 468, the rules editor 88 may generate an aspect rule 196 and enter the aspect-rule 196 into the domain dictionary 252 for the product “shoes.” For example, the following aspect rules 296 may be generated and entered into the shoes domain dictionary 252:

-   -   IN Shoes, if ruby then COLOR=ruby     -   IN Shoes, if title=ruby then COLOR=ruby

At operation 470, at the client machine 23, a category manager requests publication of domain dictionaries 252 to the publication environment on the information storage and retrieval platform 12. For example, the publication request may include the above described rules. In one embodiment, the request may be received and processed, at the client machine 23, by a version manager 97 that utilizes the domain versions 197 identified in the preview publish information 75. For example, the version manager 97 may read the domain dictionary 252 from the preview classification information 78 or the production classification information 76 based on the latest domain version 197 identified in the preview publish information 75. Publication to the publication environment results in application of the domain rules 192 and the aspect rules 196 to the data item information 67 utilized by the information storage and retrieval platform 12 as live data.

At operation 471, on the back end servers 103, the processing module 46 receives a complete set of domain dictionaries 252 in the form of classification information 49 and utilizes the publish modules 42 to publish the classification information 49 to the production environment on the information storage and retrieval platform 12. For example, the classification service engine 48 may apply the domain rules 292 from each of the domain dictionaries 252 to the data items 65 and apply the aspect rules 296 from each of the domain dictionaries to the data items 65. In applying the aspect rules 296, the classification service engine 48 may concatenate the aspect-value pair 304 COLOR=ruby to a data item 65 in the product type shoes domain. FIG. 31 is a diagram illustrating a user interface 473, according to an embodiment, showing a data item 65 (callout 475) with a title 320 (callout 479) that contains the word “ruby.” Further, the data item 65 (callout 475) is shown to be classified in the product domain 132 for shoes (callout 477). Application of the aspect-rule 196 “IN Shoes, if title=ruby then COLOR=ruby” to the data item 65 shown on the user interface 473 may, accordingly, result in the assignment of the aspect-value pair 304 COLOR=ruby” to the data item 65.

Returning to FIG. 19, at operation 474, processing module 46 may update the query engine 53 with the aspect rules 296 “if ruby then COLOR=ruby responsive to the publication request.

At operation 476, at the client machine 20, a user enters a query in the shoes category including the keywords “A Klein ruby pumps.” For example, FIG. 32 is a diagram illustrating a user interface 477, according to an embodiment, showing a query (callout 479) in the “shoes” category (callout 481) that contains the keyword 302 “ruby” (callout 481). Returning to FIG. 19, at operation 474, the client machine 20 communicates the query and category to the front end servers 101.

At operation 478, the front end servers 101 receive the query and the category. At operation 480, the front end servers 101 communicate the same to the back end servers 103. At operation 482, the back end servers 103 store the query and the category as sample query information 73. At operation 484 the aspect extractor module 58 extracts the aspect-value pair “COLOR=ruby” from the query. For example, the aspect extractor module 58 may extract the aspect-value pair “COLOR=ruby” from the query by applying the condition clause “if ruby” to the keywords 302 in the query. Further, a transformed query may be constructed utilizing the extracted aspect-value pair “COLOR=ruby.”

At operation 486, the search index engine 54 utilizes the transformed query to search for and identify a data item 65 in the domain shoes that contain the aspect-value pair “COLOR=ruby.” Next, the search index engine 54 communicates the identified data item 65 to the front end server 101.

At operation 490, at the front end server 101, the communication module 40 receives the identified data item 65, generates a user interface that contains the identified data item 65, and communicates the user interface to the client machine 20. At operation 492, at the client machine 20, the user interface containing the identified data item 65 is displayed to the user.

FIG. 20 is a flowchart illustrating a method 500, according to an embodiment, to represent percentage coverage for a subset of most popular queries. Illustrated on the far left are operations for a client machine 20 and illustrated on the far right are operations for a client machine 23. Illustrated on the center left are operations for a front end server 101 and illustrated on the center right are operations for back end servers 103. The method 500 commences at the client machine 20, at operation 502, with a user entering a query for data items 65 at the client machine 20 in the production environment. The web client 16 at the client machine 20 communicates the query to the front end server 101.

At operation 504, at the front end servers 101, an aspect extractor module 58 receives the query and processes the query. Further, the aspect extractor module 58 communicates the query to a back end server 103.

At operation 506, at the back end server 103, a processing module 46 receives the query and stores the query in the sample query information 73 on the database 36.

At operation 508, at the client machine 23, a category manager may request publication of domain dictionaries 252 to the preview environment. In one embodiment, the request may be received and processed by the version manager 97 that utilizes the domain versions 197 identified in the preview publish information 75. For example, the version manager 97 may read the domain dictionary 252 from the preview classification information 78 or the production classification information 76 based on the latest domain version 197 identified in the preview publish information 75.

At operation 510, on the back end servers 103, the processing module 46 receives a complete set of domain dictionaries 252 in the form of classification information 49 and utilizes the published modules 42 to publish the classification information 49 to the preview environment.

At operation 512, at the client machine 23, the version manager 97 receives a request to determine the percentage of coverage for a subset of most popular queries in a category.

FIG. 35 is a diagram illustrating a user interface 520, according to an embodiment, to determine the percentage of coverage for a subset of most popular queries in a category. The user interface 520 is shown to include a category explorer window 522 that lists categories (e.g., utilized by a seller to list data items 65 for sale or a buyer to search for the data items 65). The category explorer 522 is shown to include a category selection 524, “women's shoes,” that has been entered by the category manager to determine percentage coverage for the most popular queries that include the category “women's shoes.”

FIG. 33 is a diagram illustrating the user interface 530, according to an embodiment, to enter a query. The user interface 530 is presented to illustrate a query that includes a category. The user interface 530 is shown to include a keyword entry box 532, a category entry box 534, and an item specific entry box 536. For example, the user interface 530 illustrates a query for data items 65 that may contain the keywords “Klein Red pumps,” the item specific “Via Spiga” and be listed in the category “shoes”.

Returning to FIG. 20, at operation 540, at the client machine 23, the viewing manager 95 communicates a request for queries that include the category “women's shoes” to the back end servers 103.

At operation 542, at the back end servers 103, the query retrieval module 93 receives the request for queries in the “women's shoes” category. The query retrieval module 93 reads the sample query information 73 to identify query entries 400 that include the “women's shoes” category and, at operation 544, the query retrieval module 93 communicates the identified query entries 400 in the form of sample query information 73 to the client machine 23.

At operation 546, on the client machine 23 the query processing module 69 receives the sample query information 73 and, at operation 548, determines the most popular queries. For example, the query processing module 69 may identify the query entries 400 in the sample query information 73 that includes the most frequently entered keyword(s) 302 in the specified category 324. In one embodiment, the query processing module 69 may determine a pre-determined number of most popular queries that may be received by the information storage and retrieval platform 12 for a predetermined period of time. For example, consider the following queries taken from a sample of ten thousand queries that may have been received by the information storage and retrieval platform 12 in the last twenty-four hours:

Query Received Frequency “pink ipod” 1000 “blue ipod” 997 “black ipod” 996 “via spiga shoes” 200

In one embodiment the predetermined number of most popular queries may be three, the predetermined period of time to receive the queries may be twenty-four hours and the frequency of receiving each of the above listed queries may be 1000, 997, 996 and 200, respectively. Accordingly, the three most popular queries may be “pink ipod” “pink ipod” and “black ipod,”

At operation 550, the query processing module 69 communicates the most popular query information 422 including query entries 400 identified as most popular to the back end server 103.

At operation 552, at the back end server 103, the query engine 52 applies the aspect rules 296 to the query entries 400 in the preview environment and generates histogram information 99. At operation 554, the query engine 52 communicates the histogram information 99, including the query coverage information 445, to the client machine 23.

At operation 556, at the client machine 23, the query processing module 69 determines the percentage coverage for most popular queries based on the query coverage information 445. At operation 558, the viewing manager 95 generates interface elements representing the subset of most popular queries respectively. In one embodiment, the viewing manager 95 may display interface elements as user interface elements on a user interface.

Returning to FIG. 35, the user interface 520 is shown to include a most popular queries preview panel 572. The most popular queries preview panel 570 shows the most popular queries 574 respectively associated with a count of matching aspect rules 296 (callout 576) (e.g., aspect rules 296 with condition clauses 298 that evaluated TRUE) and percentage coverage 578 (e.g., first quantity of rules/total quantity of rules).

FIG. 21 is a flow chart illustrating a method 590, according to an embodiment, to apply aspect rules 296 to most popular queries. The method 590 commences at operation 592 with the query engine 52 reading the next most popular query in the most popular query information 77. At operation 594, the query engine 52 identifies the next domain dictionary 252. At operation 596, the query engine 52 reads the next aspect rule 296 from the domain dictionary 252. At operation 598, the query engine 52 counts the aspect rule 296 by incrementing a total quantity of rules in the form of the total aspect rule counter 449 in the query coverage information 445.

At decision operation 599, the aspect extractor module 58 determines if the keyword(s) 302 in the query entry 400 matches the keyword(s) 302 in the condition clause 298 of the aspect rule 296. If the keyword(s) match, then a branch is made to operation 600. Otherwise processing continues at decision operation 602. At operation 600, the aspect extractor module 58 counts the matching aspect rule 296. For example, the aspect extractor module 58 may increment a second quantity of rules in the form of a matching aspect rule counter 447 that corresponds to the query in the query coverage information 445.

At decision operation 602, the query engine 52 determines if there are more aspect rules 296. If there are more aspect rules 296, then a branch is made to operation 596. Otherwise processing continues at decision operation 604.

At decision operation 604, the query engine 52 determines if there are more domain dictionaries 252. If there are more domain dictionaries 252, then processing continues at operation 594. Otherwise processing continues at decision operation 606.

At decision operation 606, the query engine 52 determines if there are more query entries 400 in the most popular query information 422. If there are more query entries 400, then a branch is made to operation 592. Otherwise processing ends.

FIG. 22 is a flow chart illustrating a method 620, according to an embodiment, to determine percentage coverage for most popular queries. The method 620 commences at operation 622 with the query processing module 69, reading the next query identifier 428 from the query coverage information 445.

At operation 624, the query processing module 69 divides a quantity rules (e.g., second quantity of rules) in the form of a matching aspect rule counter 447 corresponding to the query identifier 428 by a total quantity of rules in the form of the total aspect rule counter 449 to determine percentage coverage for the query entry 400. At decision operation 626, the query processing module 69 determines if there are more query entries 400. If there are more query entries 400, then a branch is made to operation 622. Otherwise processing ends.

FIG. 23 is a flow chart illustrating a method 630, according to an embodiment, to represent percentage coverage associated with a domain 305. Illustrated on the left are operations performed at back end servers 103 and illustrated on the right are operations performed on a client machine 23. The method 630 commences at operation 632, at the client machine 23, with a category manager requesting data items 65 for the preview environment. For example, in one embodiment, a data item processing module 81 may receive the request from the category manager. The request may identify a current sample 412, a seasonal sample 414, an historical sample 416 or some other type of sample of data items 65 as previously described. Next, the data item processing module 81 may communicate the request to the back end servers 103.

At operation 634, at the back end servers 103, the data item retrieval module 85 receives the request for the data items 65 and processes the request. For example, at operation 636, the data item retrieval module 85 may request and receive a current sample 412 of data items 65 (e.g., live data items 65 sampled from the data item information 67). In one embodiment ten percent of the data items 65 may be sampled from the data item information 67. In response to receiving the current sample 412, the data item retrieval module 85 may store the current sample 412 as sample data item information 83 that may be utilized as sample data for the next publication of rules to the preview environment. In another embodiment, the data item retrieval module 85 may utilize an existing sample that has previously been received from the data item information 67. For example, the data item retrieval module 85 may utilize a seasonal sample 414 or an historical sample 416 against which the rules may be published in the preview environment, the seasonal sample 414 or historical sample previously requested and received from the data item information 67.

At operation 638, at the client machine 23, a category manager may request publication of domain dictionaries 252 to the preview environment. For example, the version manager 97 may respond to the request by utilizing the domain versions 197 identified in the preview publish information 75 to identify the appropriate domain dictionaries 252 in the production classification information 76 or the preview classification information 78.

At operation 640, on the back end servers 103, the processing module 46 receives a complete set of domain dictionaries 252 and utilizes the publish modules 42 to publish the domain dictionaries 252 to the preview environment. For example, the classification service engine 48 may apply the domain rules 292 (operation 640) to the current sample 412 of the data items 65 and the aspect rules 296 (operation 642) to the current sample 412 of the data items 65. Further, the classification service engine 48 may generate and store histogram information 99 (operations 640, 642).

At operation 644, the classification service engine 48 communicates the histogram information 99 to the client machine 23. For example, the histogram information 99 may include aspect coverage information 444 and domain coverage information 442.

At operation 646, at the client machine 23, the authoring modules 25 may receive and store the histogram information 99. At operation 648, the domain coverage module 87 receives a domain selection from a category manager. For example, the category manager may enter the domain selection to determine a percentage coverage of data items 65 for the selected domain 305.

FIG. 36 is a diagram illustrating a user interface 660, according to an embodiment. The user interface 660 is shown to include a domain explorer panel 662 that lists domains 305 and a preview panel 665. The domain explorer panel 662 illustrates a selected domain 664, “Apparel and Accessories” and the preview panel 665 illustrates a request 667 to determine percentage coverage for the “Apparel and Accessories” department domain 305.

Returning to FIG. 23, at operation 668, the domain coverage module 87 determines the domains 305 that may be nested under the selected domain 305. For example, the “Apparel and Accessories” department domain 128 may include one or more aisle domains 130 that may respectively include one or more product domains 132. At operation 670, the domain coverage module 87 utilizes the histogram information 99 to determine the percentage coverage for the domain 305 selected and the domains 305 nested under the selected domain 305. For example, the domain coverage module 87 may divide a quantity of data items (e.g., first quantity of data items) in the form of a data item counter 446 in the domain coverage information 442 corresponding to the selected domain 306 by a total quantity of data items in the form of the total data item counter 443 in the domain coverage information 442 to determine the percentage coverage for the selected domain 305. The same determination may also be made for each of the nested domains 305.

At operation 672, the viewing manager 95 displays percentage coverage for the identified domains. For example, the viewing manager 95 may generate interface elements representing the percentage coverage for the domain 305 selected and the domains 305 nested under the selected domain 305. In one embodiment, the viewing manager 95 may display interface elements as user interface elements on a user interface.

Returning to FIG. 36, the user interface 660 is shown to include a domain coverage preview panel 674. The domain coverage preview panel 674 is shown to include domains 305 (callout 676) including the selected domain, “Apparel and Accessories”, and nested domains 305 under the “Apparel and Accessories” domain 305 including “Women's Shoes,” and “Shoes.” Each of the domains 305 are associated with a count of data items 678 and a percentage coverage 680. The count of data items 675 may indicate a matching quantity of data items (e.g., category 324 in the data item 65 that matched a category 324 in the condition clause 298 of a domain rule 292). The percentage coverage may be the matching quantity of data items divided by the total quantity of data items 65 to which the domain rules 292 were applied.

FIG. 24 is a flowchart illustrating a method 700, according to an embodiment, to apply domain rules 292 to data items 65. The method 700 commences at operation 702 with the classification service engine 48 identifying the next domain dictionary 252 in the classification information 49.

At operation 704, the classification service engine 48 reads the next data item 65 from the sample data item information 83. At operation 706, the classification service engine 48 reads the next domain rule 292 from the current domain dictionary 252. At operation 708, the classification service engine 48 applies the domain rule 292 to the data item 65.

At decision operation 710, the classification service engine 48 determines if the condition clause 298 in the domain rule 292 evaluates TRUE based on the contents of the data item 65. If the condition clause 298 evaluates TRUE, then a branch is made to operation 712. Otherwise, processing continues at decision operation 714.

At operation 712, the classification service engine 48 increments the appropriate data item counter 446 in the domain coverage information 442. For example, the classification service engine 48 increments the data item counter 446 in the domain coverage information 442 that corresponds to the domain 305 in the predicate clause 300 of the matching domain rule 292.

At decision operation 714, the classification service engine 48 determines if there are more domain rules 292 in the domain dictionary 252. If there are more domain rules 292, then a branch is made to operation 706. Otherwise, processing continues at decision operation 716.

At decision operation 716, the classification service engine 48 determines if there are more data items 65 in the sample data item information 83. If there are more data items 65, then a branch is made to operation 704. Otherwise, a branch is made to decision operation 718.

At decision operation 718, the classification service engine 48 determines if there are more domain dictionaries 252 to process. If there are more domain dictionaries 252 to process, then a branch is made to operation 702. Otherwise, processing ends.

FIG. 25 is a flowchart illustrating a method 720, according to an embodiment, to determine nested domains. The method 720 commences at operation 722 with the classification service engine 48 identifying the next domain dictionary 252.

At decision operation 724, the classification service engine determines if the current domain dictionary 252 includes domains 305 that may be nested under the selected domain 305. For example, the selected domain 305 may be a department domain 128 that may include one or more aisle domains 130 that respectively may include one or more product domains 132. If the classification service engine 48 determines there are nested domains, then a branch is made to 726. Otherwise, a branch is made to decision operation 727.

At operation 726, the classification service engine 48 registers the nested domain(s). At decision operation 727, the classification service engine 48 determines if there are more domain dictionaries 252 to process. If there are more domain dictionaries 252 to process then a branch is made to operation 722. Otherwise processing ends.

FIG. 26 is a flow chart illustrating a method 728, according to an embodiment, to represent percentage coverage associated with an aspect. Illustrated on the left are operations performed at back end servers 103 and illustrated on the right are operations performed on a client machine 23. The method 728, commences at operation 730, at the client machine 23, with a category manager requesting data items 65 for the preview environment. For example, in one embodiment, a data item processing module 81 may receive the request from the category manager. The request may identify a current sample 412, a seasonal sample 414, an historical sample 416 or some other type of sample as previously described. Next, the data item processing module 81 may communicate the request to the back end servers 103.

At operation 732, at the back end servers 103, the data item retrieval module 85 receives the request for data items 65 and processes the request. For example, at operation 734, the data item retrieval module 85 may request and receive a current sample 412 of data items 65 (e.g., live data items 65) from the data item information 67. In response to receiving the current sample 412, the data item retrieval module 85 may store the current sample 412 as sample data item information 83 that may be utilized as sample data for the next publication of rules to the preview environment. In another embodiment, the data item retrieval module 85 may utilize an existing seasonal sample 414 or historical sample 416 that has been previously received from the data item information 67. The seasonal sample 414 or historical sample 416 may be utilized as the data items 65 for the next publication of rules to the preview environment, the seasonal sample 414 or historical sample previously requested and received from the data item information 67.

At operation 736, at the client machine 23, a category manager may request publication of domain dictionaries 252 to the preview environment, the request being received and processed by the version manager 97. The version manager 97 may respond to the request by utilizing the domain versions 197 identified in the preview publish information 75 to identify the appropriate domain dictionaries 252 in the production classification information 76 or the preview classification information 78 to be used for publication.

At operation 738, on the back end servers 103, the processing module 46 receives a complete set of domain dictionaries 252 in the form of classification information 49 and utilizes the publish modules 42 to publish the classification information 49 to the preview environment. For example, the classification service engine 48 may apply the domain rules 292 (operation 738) to the current sample 412 of the data items 65 and the aspect rules 296 (operation 740) to the current sample 412 of the data items 65. Further, during publication, the classification service engine 48 may generate and store histogram information 99 (operations 738, 740).

At operation 742, the classification service engine 48 communicates the histogram information 99 to the client machine 23. For example, the histogram information 99 may include aspect coverage information 444 and domain coverage information 442.

At operation 744, at the client machine 23, the authoring modules 25 receive and stores the histogram information 99.

At operation 746, the viewing manager 95 may receive a domain 305 selection and at operation 748 the viewing manager 95 may receive an aspect coverage selection. The domain 305 selection and the aspect coverage selection may be entered by a category manager to determine percentage coverage for aspects in the selected domain 305.

FIG. 37 is a diagram illustrating a user interface 750, according to an embodiment, to display percentage of coverage for aspects. The user interface 750 is shown to include a domain explorer panel 752 that lists multiple domains 305 (e.g., “Apparel & Accessories”, “Women's Shoes”, etc.). The domain explorer 752 panel illustrates a selected domain 754 (e.g., “Shoes”). The user interface 750 further shows a preview panel 756 that includes an aspect coverage preview selection 758.

Returning to FIG. 26, at operation 756, the aspect coverage module 89 determines percentage coverage for the aspects in the selected domain 305.

At operation 758, the viewing manager 95 generates interface elements. For example, the viewing manager 95 may generate interface elements representing the percentage coverage for the aspects selected in the domain selected. In one embodiment, the viewing manager 95 may display interface elements as user interface elements on a user interface.

Returning to the FIG. 37, the user interface 750 is shown to include an aspect coverage preview panel 768. The aspect coverage preview panel 768 includes multiple aspects 306 (callout 769) (e.g., COLOR, BRAND, STYLE). Each aspect 306 may be associated with a value indicator 770, count 772 and a percentage coverage 774. The value indicator 770 indicates that all values 308 associated with the corresponding aspect 306 may be utilized to generate the count 772 and the percentage coverage 896. For example, the count 772 associated with the aspect 306 COLOR may be incremented based on an assignment to a data item 65 of an aspect-value pair 304 that includes the aspect COLOR irrespective of the associated color value 308 (e.g., red, blue, yellow). The count 772 refers to a quantity of data items 65 (e.g., matching quantity of data items) that caused a condition clause 298 of an aspect rule 296 to evaluate TRUE. The percentage coverage 774 may be generated by dividing the matching quantity of data items 65 by the total quantity of data items 65 to which the aspect rules were applied.

FIG. 27 is a flow chart illustrating a method 780, according to an embodiment to apply aspect rules 296 to data items 65. The method 780 commences at operation 782 with the classification service engine 48 identifying the next domain dictionary 252 in the classification information 49.

At operation 784, the classification service engine 48 reads the next data item 65 from the sample data item information 83. At operation 785, the classification service engine 48 increments the total data item counter 443 (e.g., total quantity of data items) in the aspect coverage information 444. At operation 786, the classification service engine 48 identifies the next aspect 306 in the domain dictionary 252. At operation 787, the classification service engine 48 advances to the next value 308 associated with the current aspect 306. At operation 788, the classification service engine 48 reads the next aspect rule 296 associated with the current aspect 306 and the current value. At decision operation 790, the classification service engine 48 determines if the current aspect rule 296 matches the data item 65 (e.g., the condition clause 298 evaluates TRUE). If the current aspect rule 296 matches the data item then a branch is made to operation 792. Otherwise processing continues at decision operation 794.

At operation 792, the classification service engine 48 increments the data item counter 446 based on the current domain 305, the current aspect 306, and the current value 308. For example, if the predicate clause 300 of the current aspect rule 296 includes the aspect 306 COLOR and the value 308 “blue” and the domain 305 is “shoes” then the data item counter 446 corresponding to the domain 305 “shoes”, the aspect “COLOR”, and the value “blue” is incremented in the aspect coverage information 444.

At decision operation 794, the classification service engine 48 determines if there are more values 308 associated with the current aspect 306. If there are more values 308, then a branch is made to operation 787. Otherwise processing continues at decision operation 798.

At decision operation 798, the classification service engine 48 determines if there are more aspects 306 associated with the current domain 305. If there are more aspects 306, then a branch is made to operation 786. Otherwise processing continues at decision operation 800.

At decision operation 800, the classification service engine 48 determines if there are more data items 65. If there are more data items 65, then a branch is made to operation 784. Otherwise processing continues at decision operation 802.

At decision operation 802, the classification service engine 48 determines if there are more domain dictionaries 252. If there are more domain dictionaries 252, then a branch is made to operation 782. Otherwise processing ends.

FIG. 28 is a flow chart illustrating a method 808, according to an embodiment, to determine percentage coverage for aspects. The method 808 commences at operation 810 with the aspect coverage module 89 identifying one or more domains 305 based on the selected domain 305 and any domain(s) 305 nested under the selected domain 305. For example, a selected department domain 128 may further include aisle domains 130 that may further include product domains 132. Each product domain 132 may be associated with a domain dictionary 252.

At operation 811, the aspect coverage module 89 identifies the next domain 305 from the previously identified domains 305. At operation 814, the aspect coverage module 89 identifies the next aspect 306 in the identified domain 305.

At operation 822, the aspect coverage module 89 determines a percentage coverage for the current aspect 306 in the current domain 305. For example, the aspect coverage module 89 may identify a set of data item counters 446 in the aspect coverage information 444 that respectively correspond to the values 308 associated with the current aspect 306 in the current domain 305. Next, the aspect coverage module 89 adds the set of data item counters together to generate a quantity of data items 65 (e.g., first quantity of data items) associated with the current aspect 306. Next, the aspect coverage module 89 identifies a total quantity of data items in the form the total data item counter 443 in the aspect coverage information 444. Next, the aspect coverage module 89 divides the quantity of data items by the total quantity of data items to determine the percentage coverage for the aspect 306 in the current domain 305.

At decision operation 824, the aspect coverage module 89 determines if there are more aspects 306 associated with the current domain dictionary 252. If there are more aspects 306, then a branch is made to operation 814. Otherwise processing continues at decision operation 826.

At decision operation 826, the aspect coverage module 89 determines if there are more domains 305 from the identified domains 305 to process. If there are more domains 305, then a branch is made to operation 811. Otherwise processing ends.

FIG. 29 is a flow chart illustrating a method 850, according to an embodiment, to represent percentage coverage associated with an aspect-value pair. Illustrated on the left are operations performed at back end servers 103 and illustrated on the right are operations performed on a client machine 23. The method 850, commences at operation 852, at the client machine 23, with a category manager requesting data items 65 for the preview environment. For example, in one embodiment, a data item processing module 81 may receive the request from the category manager. The request may identify a current sample 412, a seasonal sample 414, an historical sample 416 or some other type of sample as previously described. Next, the data item processing module 81 may communicate the request to the back end servers 103.

At operation 854, at the back end servers 103, the data item retrieval module 85 receives the request for data items 65 and processes the request. For example, at operation 856, the data item retrieval module 85 may request and receive a current sample 412 of data items 65 (e.g., live data items 65) from the data item information 67. In response to receiving the current sample 412, the data item retrieval module 85 may store the current sample 412 of data items 65 as sample data item information 83. The sample data item information 83 may be utilized as sample data for the next publication of rules to the preview environment. In another embodiment, the data item retrieval module 85 may utilize an existing seasonal sample 414 or historical sample 416 for the next publication of rules to the preview environment, the seasonal sample 414 or historical sample previously requested and received from the data item information 67.

At operation 858, at the client machine 23, a category manager may request publication of domain dictionaries 252 to the preview environment, the request being received and processed by the version manager 97. For example, the version manager 97 may respond to the request by utilizing the domain versions 197 identified in the preview publish information 75 to identify the appropriate domain dictionaries 252 in the production classification information 76 or the preview classification information 78 for publication.

At operation 860, on the back end servers 103, the processing module 46 receives a complete set of domain dictionaries 252 in the form of classification information 49 and utilizes the publish modules 42 to publish the domain dictionaries 252 in the classification information 49 to the preview environment. For example, the classification service engine 48 may apply the domain rules 292 (operation 860) to the current sample 412 of the data items 65 and aspect rules 296 (operation 862) to the current sample 412 of the data items 65. Further, during publication, the classification service engine 48 may generate and store histogram information 99 (operations 860, 862).

At operation 864, the classification service engine 48 communicates the histogram information 99 to the client machine 23. For example, the histogram information 99 may include aspect coverage information 444 and domain coverage information 442.

At operation 866, at the client machine 23, the authoring modules 25 may receive and store the histogram information 99.

At operation 868, the viewing manager 95 may receive a domain 305 selection. Further, at operation 870, the viewing manager 95 may receive an aspect selection and, at operation 871, the viewing manager 95 may receive an aspect-value pair coverage selection.

FIG. 38 is a diagram illustrating a user interface 872, according to an embodiment, to display percentage of coverage for aspect-value pairs 304. The user interface 872 is shown to include a domain explorer panel 874, a domain window 876, and a preview panel 884. The domain explorer panel 874 illustrates domains 305 (e.g., “Apparel & Accessories”, “Women's Shoes”, etc.) including a selected domain 305 (callout 880) (e.g., “shoes”). The domain window 876 illustrates domain information (e.g., “Catalogs”, “Categories”) and aspects 306 (callout 882) (e.g., COLOR, BRAND, STYLE) associated with the domain 305 “shoes.” The domain window 876 further illustrates a selected aspect 306 (e.g., “COLOR”). The preview panel 878 illustrates an “aspect-value pair coverage” preview selection 884.

Returning to FIG. 29, at operation 888, the aspect coverage module 89 determines percentage coverage for aspect-value pairs 304 associated with the selected aspect 306 within the selected domain 305. For example, the aspect coverage module 89 may determine percentage coverage for the aspect-value pairs 304 “COLOR=red,” “COLOR=ruby,” “COLOR=green,” “COLOR=brown,” “COLOR=black,” in the selected domain 305 “shoes.”

At operation 890, the viewing manager 95 generates interface elements. For example, the viewing manager 95 may generate interface elements representing the percentage coverage for the aspect-value pairs based on the aspect 306 selected and the domain 305 selected. In one embodiment, the viewing manager 95 may display interface elements as user interface elements on a user interface.

Returning to the FIG. 38, the user interface 872 is shown to include an aspect-value coverage preview panel 892. The aspect-value coverage preview panel 892 includes multiple values 308 (callout 894) (e.g., “red”, “ruby”, “green”, “brown”, “black”) associated with the aspect 306 “COLOR.” Each value 308 is associated with a count 894 and percentage coverage 896. The count 894 refers to a matching quantity of data items 65 that caused a condition clause 298 of an aspect rule 296 to evaluate TRUE resulting in an assignment of a COLOR aspect-value pair 304 to the data item 65 (e.g., “COLOR=red,” “COLOR=ruby”). The percentage coverage 896 may be generated by dividing the matching quantity of data items 65 by a total quantity of data items 65 to which the aspect rules were applied.

FIG. 30 is a flow chart illustrating a method 900, according to an embodiment, to determine aspect-value coverage. The method 900 commences at operation 902 with the aspect-value coverage module 91 identifying the selected domain 305. At operation 904 the aspect-value coverage module 91 identifies the selected aspect 306. At operation 908, the aspect-value coverage module 91 identifies the next value 308 associated with the selected aspect 306.

At operation 910, the aspect-value coverage module 91 determines a percentage coverage for the aspect-value pair 304 in the selected domain 305. For example, the aspect-value coverage module 91 identifies a quantity of data items (e.g., first quantity of data items) in the form of the data item counter 446 in the aspect coverage information 444, the data item counter 446 corresponding to the selected domain 305, the selected aspect and the current value (e.g., aspect-value pair 304). Next, the aspect-value coverage module 91 identifies a total quantity of data items in the form the total data item counter 443 in the aspect coverage information 444. Next, aspect-value coverage module 91 divides the quantity of data items by the total quantity of data items to determine the percentage coverage for the aspect-value pair 304.

At decision operation 912, the aspect-value coverage module 91 determines if there are more values 308 associated with the current aspect 306. If there are more values 308, then a branch is made to operation 908. Otherwise processing ends.

FIG. 39 is a block diagram illustrating multiple marketplace applications 44 that, in one example embodiment of a network-based marketplace, are provided as part of the information storage and retrieval platform 12. The information storage and retrieval platform 12 may provide a number of listing and price-setting mechanisms whereby a seller may list goods or services for sale, a buyer can express interest in or indicate a desire to purchase such goods or services, and a price can be set for a transaction pertaining to the goods or services. To this end, the marketplace applications 44 re shown to include one or more auction applications 920 which support auction-format listing and price setting mechanisms (e.g., English, Dutch, Vickrey, Chinese, Double, Reverse auctions etc.). The various auction applications 920 may also provide a number of features in support of such auction-format listings, such as a reserve price feature whereby a seller may specify a reserve price in connection with a listing and a proxy-bidding feature whereby a bidder may invoke automated proxy bidding.

A number of fixed-price applications 922 support fixed-price listing formats (e.g., the traditional classified advertisement-type listing or a catalogue listing) and buyout-type listings. Specifically, buyout-type listings (e.g., including the Buy-It-Now (BIN) technology developed by eBay Inc., of San Jose, Calif.) may be offered in conjunction with an auction-format listing, and allow a buyer to purchase goods or services, which are also being offered for sale via an auction, for a fixed-price that is typically higher than the starting price of the auction.

Store applications 924 allow sellers to group their listings within a “virtual” store, which may be branded and otherwise personalized by and for the sellers. Such a virtual store may also offer promotions, incentives and features that are specific and personalized to a relevant seller.

Reputation applications 926 allow parties that transact utilizing the information storage and retrieval platform 12 to establish, build and maintain reputations, which may be made available and published to potential trading partners. Consider that where, for example, the information storage and retrieval platform 12 supports person-to-person trading, users may have no history or other reference information whereby the trustworthiness and credibility of potential trading partners may be assessed. The reputation applications 926 allow a user, for example through feedback provided by other transaction partners, to establish a reputation within the information storage and retrieval platform 12 over time. Other potential trading partners may then reference such a reputation for the purposes of assessing credibility and trustworthiness.

Personalization applications 928 allow users of the information storage and retrieval platform 12 to personalize various aspects of their interactions with the information storage and retrieval platform 12. For example a user may, utilizing an appropriate personalization application 52, create a personalized reference page at which information regarding transactions to which the user is (or has been) a party may be viewed. Further, a personalization application 928 may enable a user to personalize listings and other aspects of their interactions with the information storage and retrieval platform 12 and other parties.

In one embodiment, the information storage and retrieval platform 12 may included international applications 930 to support a number of marketplaces that are customized, for example, for specific geographic regions. A version of the information storage and retrieval platform 12 may be customized for the United Kingdom, whereas another version of the information storage and retrieval platform 12 may be customized for the United States. Each of these versions may operate as an independent marketplace, or may be customized (or internationalized) presentations of a common underlying marketplace.

Navigation of the information storage and retrieval platform 12 may be facilitated by one or more navigation applications 932. For example, a search application enables key word searches of listings published via the information storage and retrieval platform 12. A browse application allows users to browse various category, catalogue, or inventory data structures according to which listings may be classified within the marketplace 12. Various other navigation applications 932 may be provided to supplement the search and browsing applications.

In order to make listings, available via the information storage and retrieval platform 12, as visually informing and attractive as possible, the marketplace applications 44 may include one or more imaging applications 934 utilizing which users may upload images for inclusion within listings. An imaging application 934 also operates to incorporate images within viewed listings. The imaging applications 934 may also support one or more promotional features, such as image galleries that are presented to potential buyers. For example, sellers may pay an additional fee to have an image included within a gallery of images for promoted items.

Listing creation applications 936 allow sellers conveniently to author listings pertaining to goods or services that they wish to transact via the information storage and retrieval platform 12, and listing management applications 938 allow sellers to manage such listings. Specifically, where a particular seller has authored and/or published a large number of listings, the management of such listings may present a challenge. The listing management applications 938 provide a number of features (e.g., auto-relisting, inventory level monitors, etc.) to assist the seller in managing such listings. One or more post-listing management applications 940 also assist sellers with a number of activities that typically occur post-listing. For example, upon completion of an auction facilitated by one or more auction applications 920, a seller may wish to leave feedback regarding a particular buyer. To this end, a post-listing management application 940 may provide an interface to one or more reputation applications 926, so as to allow the seller conveniently to provide feedback regarding multiple buyers to the reputation applications 926.

Dispute resolution applications 942 provide mechanisms whereby disputes arising between transacting parties may be resolved. For example, the dispute resolution applications 942 may provide guided procedures whereby the parties are guided through a number of steps in an attempt to settle a dispute. In the event that the dispute cannot be settled via the guided procedures, the dispute may be escalated to a third party mediator or arbitrator.

A number of fraud prevention applications 944 implement various fraud detection and prevention mechanisms to reduce the occurrence of fraud within the information storage and retrieval platform 12.

Messaging applications 946 are responsible for the generation and delivery of messages to users of the information storage and retrieval platform 12, such messages for example advising users regarding the status of listings at the information storage and retrieval platform 12 (e.g., providing “outbid” notices to bidders during an auction process or to provide promotional and merchandising information to users).

Merchandising applications 948 support various merchandising functions that are made available to sellers to enable sellers to increase sales via the information storage and retrieval platform 12. The merchandising applications 948 also operate the various merchandising features that may be invoked by sellers, and may monitor and track the success of merchandising strategies employed by sellers.

The information storage and retrieval platform 12 itself or a user of the information storage and retrieval platform 12 may operate loyalty programs that are supported by one or more loyalty/promotions applications 950.

Data Structures

FIG. 40 is a high-level entity-relationship diagram, illustrating various marketplace information 45 that may be maintained within the databases 36, and that are utilized by and support the marketplace applications 44. A user table 960 contains a record for each registered user of the information storage and retrieval platform 12, and may include identifier, address and financial instrument information pertaining to each such registered user. A user may, it will be appreciated, operate as a seller, a buyer, or both, within the information storage and retrieval platform 12. In one example embodiment, a buyer may be a user that has accumulated value (e.g., national currency or incentives including gift certificates, coupons, points, etc.) and is then able to exchange the accumulated value for items that are offered for sale on the information storage and retrieval platform 12. The user table 960 may further be used to maintain coupon generation information, gift certificate generation information, and points generation information that may be used to maintain incentive campaigns started by the user. Indeed the user, acting as a seller, may issue and redeem incentives via the information storage and retrieval platform 12.

The marketplace information 45 also includes data item search information 962 in which are maintained data item structured information 340, as previously described. In the present embodiment the data item structured information 340 may be for goods and services that are available to be, or have been, transacted via the information storage and retrieval platform 12. Each data item structured information 340 within the data item search information 962 may furthermore be linked to one or more user records within the user table 960, so as to associate a seller and one or more actual or potential buyers with each item record.

A transaction table 964 contains a record for each transaction (e.g., a purchase transaction) pertaining to items for which records exist within the items table 962.

An order table 966 is populated with order records, each order record being associated with an order. Each order, in turn, may be with respect to one or more transactions for which records exist within the transactions table 964.

Bid records within a bids table 968 each relate to a bid received at the information storage and retrieval platform 12 in connection with an auction-format listing supported by an auction application 920. A feedback table 970 is utilized by one or more reputation applications 962, in one example embodiment, to construct and maintain reputation information concerning users. A history table 972 maintains a history of transactions to which a user has been a party. Considering only a single example of such an attribute, the attributes tables 974 may indicate a currency attribute associated with a particular item, the currency attribute identifying the currency of a price for the relevant item as specified in by a seller.

An incentives table 976 maintains system incentive information. For example, system incentive information may include incentive generation information (e.g., coupon generation information, gift certificate generation information, and points generation information) that may be used to generate and maintain incentive campaigns whereby incentives are issued and redeemed by the information storage and retrieval platform 12.

FIG. 40 shows a diagrammatic representation of machine in the example form of a computer system 1000 within which a set of instructions, for causing the machine to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein, may be executed. In alternative embodiments, the machine operates as a standalone device or may be connected (e.g., networked) to other machines. In a networked deployment, the machine may operate in the capacity of a server or a client machine in server-client network environment, or as a peer machine in a peer-to-peer (or distributed) network environment. The machine may be a server computer, a client computer, a personal computer (PC), a tablet PC, a set-top box (STB), a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), a cellular telephone, a web appliance, a network router, switch or bridge, or any machine capable of executing a set of instructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to be taken by that machine. Further, while only a single machine is illustrated, the term “machine” shall also be taken to include any collection of machines that individually or jointly execute a set (or multiple sets) of instructions to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein.

The example computer system 1000 includes a processor 1002 (e.g., a central processing unit (CPU) a graphics processing unit (GPU) or both), a main memory 1004 and a static memory 1006, which communicate with each other via a bus 1008. The computer system 1000 may further include a video display unit 1010 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) or a cathode ray tube (CRT)). The computer system 1000 also includes an alphanumeric input device 1012 (e.g., a keyboard), a cursor control device 1014 (e.g., a mouse), a disk drive unit 1016, a signal generation device 1018 (e.g., a speaker) and a network interface device 1020.

The disk drive unit 1016 includes a machine-readable medium 1022 on which is stored one or more sets of instructions (e.g., software 1024) embodying any one or more of the methodologies or functions described herein. The software 1024 may also reside, completely or at least partially, within the main memory 1004 and/or within the processor 1002 during execution thereof by the computer system 1000, the main memory 1004 and the processor 1002 also constituting machine-readable media.

The software 1024 may further be transmitted or received over a network 1026 via the network interface device 1020.

While the machine-readable medium 1022 is shown in an example embodiment to be a single medium, the term “machine-readable medium” should be taken to include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database, and/or associated caches and servers) that store the one or more sets of instructions. The term “machine-readable medium” shall also be taken to include any medium that is capable of storing, encoding or carrying a set of instructions for execution by the machine and that cause the machine to perform any one or more of the methodologies of the present disclosure. The term “machine-readable medium” shall accordingly be taken to include, but not be limited to, solid-state memories, optical and magnetic media, and carrier wave signals.

Thus, methods and systems to analyze rules based on aspect-value coverage are described. Although the present disclosure has been described with reference to specific example embodiments, it will be evident that various modifications and changes may be made to these embodiments without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the disclosure. Accordingly, the specification and drawings are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense. 

We claim:
 1. A method comprising: receiving information that is descriptive of an item to be listed on an information storage and retrieval platform; associating the information with an aspect-value pair, the aspect-value pair being an aspect of the item and a value of the aspect; receiving an expression of an interest of a user in the item; associating the expression with the aspect-value pair; and identifying the item in response to the associating of the expression. 